Jordanian Journal of Informatics and Computing

ISSN: 3080-6828 (Online)

E-QSafe Energy-Aware Quantum-Safe Encryption Scheme for Power-Controlled Internet of Nano Things

by 

Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda ;

May Adnan Faleh ;

Mohammed Amin Almaiah

PDF logoPDF

Published: 2026/011/06

Abstract

The Internet of Nano Things enables nanoscale devices to perform critical operations in healthcare, industry, and environmental monitoring. Nevertheless, ultra-small systems encounter tremendous challenges, including energy limitation, computation weakness, and exposure to quantum-era threats. No conventional cryptographic solution can maintain the effectiveness of both efficiency and post-quantum resilience under the above severe constraints. This paper designs E-QSafe, an Energy-Aware Quantum-Safe Encryption Scheme, to address the concern, which is featured by integrating an adaptive power control method with lattice-based Identity-Based Encryption. More specifically, the E-QSafe dynamically tunes the lattice dimensionality and Gaussian sampling variance based on the device’s residual presenting ratio to secure the communication with minimal energy dissipation. The mathematical optimization model is developed to adjust the energy consumption, delay, and strength during the encryption at various power levels. Extensive experiments and analysis validate E-QSafe’s security against quantum, replay, and side-channel attacks as well. The evaluation results show that the E-QSafe obtains a 35% reduction in total energy dissipation, reduces the communication cost by 30%, and enhances the throughput compared with conventional IoNT schemes. In short, E-QSafe effectively realizes quantum-resilient and energy-sustainable secure IoNT for nanonetwork computing in the next age.

Keywords

Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)Energy-aware encryptionQuantum-safe cryptographyLattice-based cryptographyIdentity-based encryption (IBE)Adaptive power controlPost-quantum securityLightweight cryptographic protocolNano–micro interface device (NMID)Secure communication.

Doi Link

https://doi.org/10.63180/jjic.thestap.2027.1.6

How to Cite the Article

Al-Shareeda, M. A., Faleh, M. A., & Almaiah, M. A. (2026). E-QSafe Energy-Aware Quantum-Safe Encryption Scheme for Power-Controlled Internet of Nano Things. Jordanian Journal of Informatics and Computing, 2027(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.63180/jjic.thestap.2027.1.6

E-QSafe Energy-Aware Quantum-Safe Encryption Scheme for Power-Controlled Internet of Nano Things is licensed under CC BY 4.0CCBY

References

  1. Bahadur, P. S. (2024). Analysis on Various Aspects of Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Its Integration in Machine Learning, and Its Diverse Applications. Next Generation Materials for Sustainable Engineering, 297–315. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1306-0.ch014
  2. Castiglione, A., Esposito, J. G., Loia, V., Nappi, M., Pero, C., & Polsinelli, M. (2025). Integrating Post-Quantum Cryptography and Blockchain to Secure Low-Cost IoT Devices. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 21(2), 1674–1683. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2024.3485796
  3. Chaudhary, V., Gautam, A., Silotia, P., Malik, S., de Oliveira Hansen, R., Khalid, M., Khosla, A., Kaushik, A., & Mishra, Y. K. (2022). Internet-of-nano-things (IoNT) driven intelligent face masks to combat airborne health hazard. Materials Today, 60, 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2022.08.019
  4. Cherbal, S., Zier, A., Hebal, S., Louail, L., & Annane, B. (2023). Security in internet of things: a review on approaches based on blockchain, machine learning, cryptography, and quantum computing. The Journal of Supercomputing, 80(3), 3738–3816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05616-2
  5. Choi, J., & Lee, J. (2024). Secure and Scalable Internet of Things Model Using Post-Quantum MACsec. Applied Sciences, 14(10), 4215. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104215
  6. Galal, A., Hesselbach, X., Tavernier, W., & Colle, D. (2022). SDN-based gateway architecture for electromagnetic nano-networks. Computer Communications, 184, 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.12.017
  7. Gulec, O. (2022). Extending lifetime of Wireless Nano-Sensor Networks: An energy efficient distributed routing algorithm for Internet of Nano-Things. Future Generation Computer Systems, 135, 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.05.009
  8. Hussain, S., & Shaw, A. K. (2024). Future of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) in India. ICT Analysis and Applications, 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8605-3_48
  9. Mansoor, K., Afzal, M., Iqbal, W., Abbas, Y., Mussiraliyeva, S., & Chehri, A. (2024). PQCAIE: Post quantum cryptographic authentication scheme for IoT-based e-health systems. Internet of Things, 27, 101228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2024.101228
  10. Peelam, M. S., Rout, A. A., & Chamola, V. (2023). Quantum computing applications for Internet of Things. IET Quantum Communication, 5(2), 103–112. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.12079
  11. Prajapat, S., Rana, A., Kumar, P., & Das, A. K. (2024). Quantum safe lightweight encryption scheme for secure data sharing in Internet of Nano Things. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 117, 109253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2024.109253
  12. Qiu, S., Wei, Z., Huang, Y., Abbaszadeh, M., Charmet, J., Li, B., & Guo, W. (2024). Review of Physical Layer Security in Molecular Internet of Nano-Things. IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, 23(1), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnb.2023.3285973
  13. Rana, A., Prajapat, S., Kumar, P., Gautam, D., & Chen, C.-M. (2024). Designing a Security Framework Based on Hybrid Communication in Internet of Nano Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 11(4), 7265–7284. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2023.3315712
  14. Rana, A., Gautam, D., Kumar, P., & Kumar Das, A. (2025). Architectures, Benefits, Security, and Privacy Issues of Internet of Nano Things: A Comprehensive Survey, Opportunities, and Research Challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys &Amp; Tutorials, 27(2), 1152–1190. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3423477
  15. Rana, A., Gautam, D., Kumar, P., Kumar, K., Vasilakos, A. V., Das, A. K., & K, V. B. (2025). A comprehensive review of machine learning applications for internet of nano things: challenges and future directions. Artificial Intelligence Review, 58(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11211-z
  16. Sukhadeve, G. K., Manikandan, R., Sharif, S. R. H., Al-Muraad, N. H., Mahdi, H. S., & Saravanakumar, R. (2025). Hybrid AI-Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Internet of Nano Things Devices. 2025 12th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering &Amp;Amp; Technology - Signal and Information Processing (ICETET - SIP), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/icetetsip64213.2025.11156932
  17. Ang, S., Ho, M., Huy, S., & Janarthanan, M. (2026). Bridging NIST 800-64 Standards with Modern DevSecOps: A Comprehensive Review for Integrating Automated SAST, DAST, and SIEM/SOAR into the Secure SDLC. Journal of Information and Cybersecurity, 2026(1), 1-15.
  18. Alshabibi, M. (2025). A systematic review of cyber security threats in Cloud Computing. International Journal of Cybersecurity Engineering and Innovation, 2025(1).